Groundwater Testing Canada

Groundwater Testing Canada

Hydrological studies

They'll offer a bird's-eye view of water bodies, identifying issues that aren't visible from the ground. You're not just getting a snapshot of water quality but a dynamic, ongoing assessment. In one case, a small town in Ontario struggled with seasonal water quality issues, leading to frequent health advisories. The technology is capable of identifying a wide range of contaminants, from bacteria and viruses to chemical pollutants, at levels previously undetectable.

Groundwater Testing Canada - Spring water analysis

  • Fluoride water testing
  • Drinking water analysis
  • Well rehabilitation water testing
  • Private well testing
  • Nitrate water testing
  • Cooling tower water testing
  • Oil and gas water testing
  • Water quality testing
  • Lake water quality analysis
  • School water testing programs
  • Groundwater analysis
  • Strontium water testing
  • Fish farm water quality analysis
  • Arsenic water testing
  • Well water testing
  • Legionella testing
  • Agricultural water testing
  • Home water testing kits
  • Rainwater testing
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That's where water testing comes in. That's the reality C. Analytics doesn't stop at testing.
C. Get more details C.E.C. Analytics here. Moreover, the future of water testing lies in the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Groundwater Testing Canada - Water filtration performance testing

  • Desalination water analysis
  • Wastewater testing
  • Water treatment system testing
  • Agricultural runoff testing
  • pH level testing
  • Waterborne disease prevention testing
  • Mining water discharge testing
  • Water toxicity analysis
  • River water contamination testing
  • Fracking water contamination testing
  • Commercial water supply testing
  • E. coli water testing
  • Groundwater recharge analysis
  • Hard water scale analysis
  • Aquarium water testing
  • PFAS water analysis
  • Water contamination testing
  • Lead water testing
  • Corrosion potential water testing
  • Mercury water testing
C.

Groundwater Testing Canada - Salinity water testing

  1. Well water testing
  2. Legionella testing
  3. Agricultural water testing
  4. Home water testing kits
  5. Rainwater testing
  6. Pesticide water analysis
  7. Alkalinity water testing
  8. Household plumbing water testing
  9. Bottled water testing
  10. UV water sterilization testing
  11. Desalination water analysis
  12. Wastewater testing
  13. Water treatment system testing
  14. Agricultural runoff testing
  15. pH level testing
  16. Waterborne disease prevention testing

This will be crucial for monitoring large areas and hard-to-reach locations.

Groundwater Testing Canada - Reverse osmosis water testing

  1. Aquarium water testing
  2. PFAS water analysis
  3. Water contamination testing
  4. Lead water testing
  5. Corrosion potential water testing
  6. Mercury water testing
  7. Drinking water safety testing
  8. Hormone disruptors in water testing
  9. Irrigation water testing
  10. Pipeline water testing
  11. Chemical water analysis
  12. Industrial water testing
  13. Zinc water testing
  14. Chloride water testing
  15. Soft water testing
  16. Septic system water testing
  17. Hydrological studies
  18. Aquifer water testing
E. Drinking water advisory services They're about building a community dedicated to safeguarding Groundwater Testing Canada's water resources.

This focus means you're partnering with a company that's as concerned about the planet's health as you're about water quality. Remember, ensuring the safety of water isn't just someone else's job; it's a shared responsibility that starts with you. With the latest in testing technology, you can detect contaminants at lower levels than ever before, giving you the edge in ensuring your products are safe and your processes are efficient. By collecting samples or helping with data analysis, you're contributing to a larger understanding of water quality trends in Groundwater Testing Canada.

In fact, it enhances their reputation as a forward-thinking company. C. Analytics, we're equipped to detect a broad spectrum of contaminants in your water, ranging from chemical and biological to physical hazards.

You'll notice a significant boost in public health safety thanks to C. Uranium water testing Analytics dives deeper, uncovering a broader spectrum of potential hazards, including emerging contaminants that are often overlooked in traditional testing methods. E.

E. You didn't just offer a solution; you revolutionized their water testing methods. This means that when you're considering water testing, like what C.

Groundwater Testing Canada - Bacteria in water testing

  1. Fluoride water testing
  2. Drinking water analysis
  3. Well rehabilitation water testing
  4. Private well testing
  5. Nitrate water testing
  6. Cooling tower water testing
  7. Oil and gas water testing
  8. Water quality testing
  9. Lake water quality analysis
  10. School water testing programs
  11. Groundwater analysis
  12. Strontium water testing
  13. Fish farm water quality analysis
  14. Arsenic water testing
  15. Well water testing
  16. Legionella testing
  17. Agricultural water testing
  18. Home water testing kits


Municipal Water Quality Testing Canada

Entity Name Description Source
Sewage treatment The process of removing contaminants from wastewater, primarily from household sewage. Source
Safe Drinking Water Act A U.S. law aimed at ensuring safe drinking water for the public. Source
Test method A procedure used to determine the quality, performance, or characteristics of a product or process. Source
Escherichia coli A bacterium commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals, some strains of which can cause illness. Source
Environmental health officer A professional responsible for monitoring and enforcing public health and safety regulations. Source

Citations and other links

Real-time wastewater monitoring Groundwater Testing Canada

In short, regular water testing is a key preventive measure that ensures your water is safe to use. With C. Analytics lab. You'll also see a surge in citizen science initiatives.

Groundwater Testing Canada - Reverse osmosis water testing

  1. Rainwater testing
  2. Pesticide water analysis
  3. Alkalinity water testing
  4. Household plumbing water testing
  5. Bottled water testing
  6. UV water sterilization testing
  7. Desalination water analysis
  8. Wastewater testing
  9. Water treatment system testing
  10. Agricultural runoff testing
  11. pH level testing
  12. Waterborne disease prevention testing
  13. Mining water discharge testing
  14. Water toxicity analysis
  15. River water contamination testing
  16. Fracking water contamination testing
  17. Commercial water supply testing
  18. E. coli water testing
  19. Groundwater recharge analysis
  20. Hard water scale analysis

While these successes underscore your impact on water safety, it's crucial to note how you've also rigorously adhered to Canadian standards in all projects. E. With C.
This collaboration means you're not just getting faster water testing results; you're also benefiting from a system that learns and improves over time, identifying potential issues before they become public health risks.

Groundwater Testing Canada - Bacteria in water testing

  1. Hot tub water testing
  2. Water purification effectiveness testing
  3. Iron water testing
  4. Boiler water testing
  5. Sulfate water testing
  6. Cadmium water testing
  7. Industrial effluent water analysis
  8. Protozoa water testing
  9. Carbon filter water testing
  10. Landfill leachate water testing
  11. Microbiological water testing
  12. Spa water quality testing
  13. Turbidity testing
  14. Environmental water analysis
  15. Septic tank leachate testing
  16. Bacteria in water testing
  17. pH balance in water testing
  18. Water hardness testing
  19. Municipal water testing
  20. Copper water testing
Explore more Groundwater Testing Canada tap this E. So, whether you're looking to ensure compliance with health standards or simply want peace of mind, they're ready to support you every step of the way.
Looking ahead, the future of water quality monitoring is set to revolutionize how we understand and protect our most vital resource. Reverse osmosis water testing This isn't a distant dream; it's the direction we're heading. They're collaborating with schools to integrate water safety into the curriculum, ensuring that the next generation is armed with knowledge and respect for water resources.

Groundwater Testing Canada - Heavy metal water testing

  1. Protozoa water testing
  2. Carbon filter water testing
  3. Landfill leachate water testing
  4. Microbiological water testing
  5. Spa water quality testing
  6. Turbidity testing
  7. Environmental water analysis
  8. Septic tank leachate testing
  9. Uranium water testing
  10. Chlorine level testing
  11. Surface water testing
  12. Drinking water advisory services
  13. Reverse osmosis water testing
  14. Salinity water testing
  15. National water testing regulations
  16. Virus water testing
  17. Spring water analysis

Real-time wastewater monitoring Groundwater Testing Canada
pH water testing Groundwater Testing Canada

pH water testing Groundwater Testing Canada

As a professional observer of environmental tech advances, it's intriguing to see how these new methods not only speed up the testing process but also improve accuracy, offering a double win for public health and environmental protection. E. C. Moreover, we're constantly updating our methods and procedures to stay ahead of emerging contaminants and evolving standards. You're not just relying on their current knowledge; you're benefiting from their ongoing commitment to learning and improvement.

You're now seeing the deployment of portable, on-site testing kits that can deliver instant results, reducing the need for extensive lab work.

Groundwater Testing Canada - Hydrological studies

  1. Hydrological studies
  2. Pharmaceuticals in water testing
  3. Industrial effluent water analysis
  4. Pharmaceuticals in water testing
  5. Industrial effluent water analysis
  6. Pharmaceuticals in water testing
  7. Industrial effluent water analysis
  8. Pharmaceuticals in water testing
  9. Industrial effluent water analysis
  10. Pharmaceuticals in water testing
  11. Industrial effluent water analysis
  12. Pharmaceuticals in water testing
  13. Industrial effluent water analysis
  14. Pharmaceuticals in water testing
  15. Industrial effluent water analysis
  16. Pharmaceuticals in water testing
E. It's not just talk; they're actively involved in research that seeks to understand how pollutants affect our water and what can be done to mitigate these effects. E.

These alliances allow you to benefit from the latest advancements in water quality assessment and monitoring technologies. Finally, water's pH level and hardness affect not just its taste but also how it interacts with pipes and appliances, potentially introducing more contaminants. Furthermore, they're increasing their lab capacity across the country. E.

You're not just getting a quicker turnaround on results; you're also benefiting from a system designed to be cost-effective, reducing the financial burden on local governments and organizations. In essence, C. What's more, they're designed to be user-friendly, so you don't need a science degree to understand how to use them. The evolution of water testing technology promises more accurate and timely detection of contaminants, ensuring your water's safety like never before.

Drinking Water Certification Groundwater Testing Canada

Analytics are paving the way for faster, more accurate water testing, ensuring you and your community stay safe. Even if your water comes from a municipal supply that's regularly tested, contaminants can enter through old pipes or due to specific local issues. You're also part of a robust quality control process. Plus, understanding your water's condition can prevent damage to your appliances and plumbing systems caused by hard or corrosive water, saving you money on repairs and replacements.

C. In essence, C. The real question is, how do these innovations work, and what impact could they have on Groundwater Testing Canada's future water management strategies? National water testing regulations

Having explored the foundational partnerships that propelled C. C. This technology doesn't just speed up the process; it also enhances the reliability of the results.

This innovative approach means you're getting faster, more reliable results than ever before. E.

Groundwater Testing Canada - Radioactive water testing

  1. Hydrocarbon water testing
  2. Radioactive water testing
  3. Heavy metal water testing
  4. Ocean water testing
  5. Pharmaceuticals in water testing
  6. Uranium water testing
  7. Chlorine level testing
  8. Surface water testing
  9. Drinking water advisory services
  10. Reverse osmosis water testing
  11. Salinity water testing
  12. National water testing regulations
  13. Virus water testing
  14. Spring water analysis
  15. Water filtration performance testing
  16. Bacteria in water testing
  17. pH balance in water testing
  18. Water hardness testing
  19. Municipal water testing
  20. Copper water testing
Contaminants like lead, mercury, and pesticides can sneak into water supplies unnoticed, posing serious health risks.

Drinking Water Certification Groundwater Testing Canada
Wastewater Composite Sampler
Wastewater Composite Sampler

Analytics has emerged as a groundbreaking approach to streamlining water sample testing, significantly benefiting environmental and community health. Analytics, you're not just getting speedy results; you're getting accurate and reliable data that meets stringent regulatory standards.

Groundwater Testing Canada - Virus water testing

  • Mining water discharge testing
  • Water toxicity analysis
  • River water contamination testing
  • Fracking water contamination testing
  • Commercial water supply testing
  • E. coli water testing
  • Groundwater recharge analysis
  • Hard water scale analysis
  • Aquarium water testing
  • PFAS water analysis
  • Water contamination testing
  • Lead water testing
  • Corrosion potential water testing
  • Mercury water testing
  • Drinking water safety testing
  • Hormone disruptors in water testing
E. Pharmaceuticals in water testing C. From industrial runoff to agricultural pesticides, these substances can seep into water supplies, making them unsafe.

Efforts to streamline the testing process have significantly enhanced Groundwater Testing Canada's ability to monitor water quality, ensuring you're better protected from potential health risks. C. That's why they're transparent about their methods and findings. They're constantly collaborating, sharing insights, and leveraging each other's strengths to deliver reliable and accurate analyses.

Firstly, they use advanced microbiological assays to identify harmful bacteria and viruses. C. C. This leap forward is a game-changer for water safety, allowing for immediate action rather than the wait-and-see approach of the past.

You'll see the impact in real-time environmental protection efforts. Analytics means you're not just testing your water; you're ensuring it's safe and clean for everyone who relies on it. E. E.

Water Testing Consultation Groundwater Testing Canada

Moreover, C. This transparency builds trust and fosters a sense of security, as people know the water they consume is monitored closely and continuously for safety. Salinity water testing You're at the heart of their mission. Analytics has revolutionized the way water samples are collected across Groundwater Testing Canada. They're not just about testing water; they're about ensuring the health of our ecosystems for generations to come. Industrial effluent water analysis
As we embrace advanced technologies for water monitoring, it's equally crucial to involve communities in conservation efforts to ensure lasting impact. Analytics. It's a ripple effect; your engagement encourages others, fostering a community-wide commitment to conservation. This means you're getting results that you can rely on time and again.
By pinpointing the exact pollutants and their sources, C. C. E. While enhancing accuracy and reliability sets a solid foundation, integrating advanced technology takes water testing by C.
E.

Groundwater Testing Canada - Bacteria in water testing

  • Government water quality standards
  • Certified water testing labs
  • Radon water testing
  • Stormwater quality analysis
  • Health Canada water quality guidelines
  • Percolation testing
  • Waterborne pathogens testing
  • Water safety certification
  • Hot tub water testing
  • Water purification effectiveness testing
  • Iron water testing
  • Boiler water testing
  • Sulfate water testing
  • Cadmium water testing
  • Industrial effluent water analysis
E. Spring water analysis You also have the option to use C. You're not just our clients; you're our partners in this journey.

Navigate Groundwater Testing Canada here.
Water Testing Consultation Groundwater Testing Canada

Sampling may refer to:

  • Sampling (signal processing), converting a continuous signal into a discrete signal
  • Sampling (graphics), converting continuous colors into discrete color components
  • Sampling (music), the reuse of a sound recording in another recording
  • Sampling (statistics), selection of observations to acquire some knowledge of a statistical population
  • Sampling (case studies), selection of cases for single or multiple case studies
  • Sampling (audit), application of audit procedures to less than 100% of population to be audited
  • Sampling (medicine), gathering of matter from the body to aid in the process of a medical diagnosis and/or evaluation of an indication for treatment, further medical tests or other procedures.
  • Sampling (occupational hygiene), detection of hazardous materials in the workplace
  • Sampling (for testing or analysis), taking a representative portion of a material or product to test (e.g. by physical measurements, chemical analysis, microbiological examination), typically for the purposes of identification, quality control, or regulatory assessment. See Sample (material).

Specific types of sampling include:

  • Chorionic villus sampling, a method of detecting fetal abnormalities
  • Food sampling, the process of taking a representative portion of a food for analysis, usually to test for quality, safety or compositional compliance. (Not to be confused with Food, free samples, a method of promoting food items to consumers)
  • Oil sampling, the process of collecting samples of oil from machinery for analysis
  • Theoretical sampling, the process of selecting comparison cases or sites in qualitative research
  • Water sampling, the process of taking a portion of water for analysis or other testing, e.g. drinking water to check that it complies with relevant water quality standards, or river water to check for pollutants, or bathing water to check that it is safe for bathing, or intrusive water in a building to identify its source.
  • Work sampling, a method of estimating the standard time for manufacturing operations.

See also

[edit]

Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity of the analysis depends on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of the water. Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, on waste-water stream, on rivers and stream, on rainfall and on the sea.[1] In all cases the results of the analysis provides information that can be used to make decisions or to provide re-assurance that conditions are as expected. The analytical parameters selected are chosen to be appropriate for the decision-making process or to establish acceptable normality. Water chemistry analysis is often the groundwork of studies of water quality, pollution, hydrology and geothermal waters. Analytical methods routinely used can detect and measure all the natural elements and their inorganic compounds and a very wide range of organic chemical species using methods such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In water treatment plants producing drinking water and in some industrial processes using products with distinctive taste and odors, specialized organoleptic methods may be used to detect smells at very low concentrations.

Types of water

[edit]

Environmental water

[edit]
An EPA scientist samples water in Florida Everglades

Samples of water from the natural environment are routinely taken and analyzed as part of a pre-determined monitoring program by regulatory authorities to ensure that waters remain unpolluted, or if polluted, that the levels of pollution are not increasing or are falling in line with an agreed remediation plan. An example of such a scheme is the harmonized monitoring scheme operated on all the major river systems in the UK.[2] The parameters analyzed will be highly dependent on nature of the local environment and/or the polluting sources in the area. In many cases the parameters will reflect the national and local water quality standards determined by law or other regulations. Typical parameters for ensuring that unpolluted surface waters remain within acceptable chemical standards include pH, major cations and anions including ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, conductivity, phenol, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).

Drinking water supplies

[edit]

Surface or ground water abstracted for the supply of drinking water must be capable of meeting rigorous chemical standards following treatment. This requires a detailed knowledge of the water entering the treatment plant. In addition to the normal suite of environmental chemical parameters, other parameters such as hardness, phenol, oil and in some cases a real-time organic profile of the incoming water as in the River Dee regulation scheme.

Industrial process water

[edit]

In industrial process, the control of the quality of process water can be critical to the quality of the end product. Water is often used as a carrier of reagents and the loss of reagent to product must be continuously monitored to ensure that correct replacement rate. Parameters measured relate specifically to the process in use and to any of the expected contaminants that may arise as by-products. This may include unwanted organic chemicals appearing in an inorganic chemical process through contamination with oils and greases from machinery. Monitoring the quality of the wastewater discharged from industrial premises is a key factor in controlling and minimizing pollution of the environment. In this application monitoring schemes Analyse for all possible contaminants arising within the process and in addition contaminants that may have particularly adverse impacts on the environment such as cyanide and many organic species such as pesticides.[3] In the nuclear industry analysis focuses on specific isotopes or elements of interest. Where the nuclear industry makes wastewater discharges to rivers which have drinking water abstraction on them, radioisotopes which could potentially be harmful or those with long half-lives such as tritium will form part of the routine monitoring suite.

Methodology

[edit]

To ensure consistency and repeatability, the methods use in the chemical analysis of water samples are often agreed and published at a national or state level. By convention these are often referred to as "Blue book".[4][5]

Certain analyses are performed in-field (e.g. pH, specific conductance) while others involve sampling and laboratory testing.[6]

The methods defined in the relevant standards can be broadly classified as:

  • Conventional wet chemistry including the Winkler method for dissolved oxygen, precipitation, filtration for solids, acidification, neutralization, titration etc. Colorimetric methods such as MBAS assay which indicates anionic surfactants in water and on site comparator methods to determine chlorine and chloramines. Nephelometers are used to measure solids concentrations as turbidity. These methods are generally robust and well tried and inexpensive, giving a reasonable degree of accuracy at modest sensitivity.
  • Electro chemistry including pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen using oxygen electrode. These methods yield accurate and precise results using electronic equipment capable of feeding results directly into a laboratory data management system
  • Spectrophotometry is used particularly for metallic elements in solution producing results with very high sensitivity, but which may require some sample preparation prior to analysis and may also need specialized sampling methods to avoid sample deterioration in transit.
  • Chromatography is used for many organic species which are volatile, or which can yield a characteristic volatile component of after initial chemical processing.
  • Ion chromatography is a sensitive and stable technique that can measure lithium, ammonium NH4 and many other low molecular weight ions using ion exchange technology.
  • Gas chromatography can be used to determine methane, carbon dioxide, cyanide, oxygen, nitrogen and many other volatile components at reasonable sensitivities.
  • Mass spectrometry is used where very high sensitivity is required and is sometimes used as a back-end process after gas liquid chromatography for detecting trace organic chemicals.

Depending on the components, different methods are applied to determine the quantities or ratios of the components. While some methods can be performed with standard laboratory equipment, others require advanced devices, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Research

[edit]

Many aspects of academic research and industrial research such as in pharmaceuticals, health products, and many others relies on accurate water analysis to identify substances of potential use, to refine those substances and to ensure that when they are manufactured for sale that the chemical composition remains consistent. The analytical methods used in this area can be very complex and may be specific to the process or area of research being conducted and may involve the use of bespoke analytical equipment.

Forensic analysis

[edit]

In environmental management, water analysis is frequently deployed when pollution is suspected to identify the pollutant in order to take remedial action.[7] The analysis can often enable the polluter to be identified. Such forensic work can examine the ratios of various components and can "type" samples of oils or other mixed organic contaminants to directly link the pollutant with the source. In drinking water supplies the cause of unacceptable quality can similarly be determined by carefully targeted chemical analysis of samples taken throughout the distribution system.[8] In manufacturing, off-spec products may be directly tied back to unexpected changes in wet processing stages and analytical chemistry can identify which stages may be at fault and for what reason.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Technical Guidance Note (Monitoring) M18 Monitoring of discharges to water and sewer" (PDF). Environment Agency. November 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  2. ^ "Harmonised Monitoring Sceme". DEFRA. 7 December 2004. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  3. ^ "Handbook for Monitoring Industrial wastewater". Environmental Protection Agency (USA). August 1973. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  4. ^ "State of Wisconsin Blue Book". State of Wisconsin. 1973. p. 128. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  5. ^ "Standing committee of analysts (SCA) blue books". 5 June 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  6. ^ Shelton, Larry R. (1994). "Field guide for collecting and processing stream-water samples for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program". Open-File Report. doi:10.3133/ofr94455.
  7. ^ "Investigation of pollution incidents". Queensland Government - Department of Environment and Heritage Proetection. 21 July 2016. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  8. ^ Sadiq, R; Kleiner, Y; Rajani, B (December 2003). "Forensics of water quality failure in distribution systems – a conceptual framework". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.86.8137.

See also

[edit]

Wastewater (or waste water) is water generated after the use of freshwater, raw water, drinking water or saline water in a variety of deliberate applications or processes.[1]: 1  Another definition of wastewater is "Used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff / storm water, and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration".[2]: 175  In everyday usage, wastewater is commonly a synonym for sewage (also called domestic wastewater or municipal wastewater), which is wastewater that is produced by a community of people.

As a generic term, wastewater may also describe water containing contaminants accumulated in other settings, such as:

  • Industrial wastewater: waterborne waste generated from a variety of industrial processes, such as manufacturing operations, mineral extraction, power generation, or water and wastewater treatment.
  • Cooling water, is released with potential thermal pollution after use to condense steam or reduce machinery temperatures by conduction or evaporation.
  • Leachate: precipitation containing pollutants dissolved while percolating through ores, raw materials, products, or solid waste.
  • Return flow: the flow of water carrying suspended soil, pesticide residues, or dissolved minerals and nutrients from irrigated cropland.
  • Surface runoff: the flow of water occurring on the ground surface when excess rainwater, stormwater, meltwater, or other sources, can no longer sufficiently rapidly infiltrate the soil.
  • Urban runoff, including water used for outdoor cleaning activity and landscape irrigation in densely populated areas created by urbanization.
  • Agricultural wastewater: animal husbandry wastewater generated from confined animal operations.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Tchobanoglous, George; Burton, Franklin L.; Stensel, H. David; Metcalf & Eddy (2003). Wastewater engineering : treatment and reuse (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-041878-0. OCLC 48053912.
  2. ^ Tilley, E.; Ulrich, L.; Lüthi, C.; Reymond, Ph.; Zurbrügg, C. (2014). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies – (2nd Revised ed.). Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-906484-57-0. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016.