Botox Facial Rejuvenation New Westminster

Botox Facial Rejuvenation New Westminster

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It's not just about looking younger; it's about feeling better.

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Choosing Manhas Health Co means opting for excellence, care, and value.

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It's fascinating how a single treatment can have such diverse applications. Whether it's crow's feet, forehead lines, or frown lines that bother you, we've got the expertise to address those concerns. Just select the service you're interested in, choose a time that fits your schedule, and you're all set. Learn more about Botox Facial Rejuvenation New Westminster here
The cost of cosmetic Botox varies, depending on the areas treated and the amount of Botox used. Learn more about Botox Treatments in New Westminster here. We've seen firsthand how this treatment can smooth out wrinkles, erase fine lines, and restore a youthful vibrancy that many of us start to miss as the years pass by. Botox Cosmetic Injections This precaution prevents the Botox from spreading to unintended muscles. We've carefully curated this gallery to include a diverse range of clients, showcasing various age groups and treatment areas.
It's not just about looking younger; it's about feeling revitalized and more confident in one's skin. Our team specializes in harnessing the science behind Botox to not only reduce the appearance of wrinkles but also to prevent new ones from forming.

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And we're always here to answer any questions, providing a level of care and support that's hard to find elsewhere. Plus, we use fine needles and offer numbing options to ensure your comfort throughout the process.
It's this meticulous approach that guarantees our clients' safety and satisfaction. Whether it's smile lines, marionette lines, or dimpling in the chin, Botox can help smooth these areas, enhancing your natural beauty. Should you need to reschedule, it's hassle-free. We've equipped our clinic with the latest technology to ensure every procedure is performed with the highest standards of precision and care.

At Manhas Health Co., we've seen firsthand how this treatment can boost confidence and provide a refreshed, more youthful appearance. Choosing Botox at Manhas Health Co. means opting for a smoother, more refreshed look with a team committed to your care and satisfaction. Choose us, and let's embark on this journey towards achieving your ideal aesthetic together. Understanding that each client's needs and concerns are unique, they take the time to listen, consult, and tailor treatments that best suit individual goals and expectations.

It's a reminder that the magic of Botox isn't just in the visible results but in the renewed confidence it instills. It's not just about looking younger; it's also about feeling better in your skin. We believe that communication is key to achieving the best outcomes.

Additionally, Botox treatments are quick and have minimal downtime, making them a convenient option for busy individuals. Botox Wrinkle Reduction Results aren't instant but develop over the following week, with the full effect visible in about two weeks. Most clients report feeling only a slight pinch.

We've also partnered with reputable financing companies to offer flexible payment plans. Our goal is to ensure everyone leaves feeling informed and excited about their Botox journey.

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Moreover, we're committed to ensuring safety and comfort throughout the process.

Botox Packages New Westminster


New Westminster (colloquially known as New West) is a city in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia, Canada, and a member municipality of the Metro Vancouver Regional District. It was founded by Major-General Richard Moody as the capital of the Colony of British Columbia in 1858 and continued in that role until the Mainland and Island colonies were merged in 1866. It was the British Columbia Mainland's largest city from that year until it was passed in population by Vancouver during the first decade of the 20th century.

Botox Injections New Westminster


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Nearby Tourist Attractions

Coquitlam Heritage at Mackin House

Tourist attraction, Heritage museum, Museum
Coquitlam Heritage at Mackin House, 1116 Brunette Ave, Coquitlam, BC V3K 1G2

Deer Lake Park

Tourist attraction, Park
Deer Lake Park, 5435 Sperling Ave, Burnaby, BC V5E 2L8
Scenic picnic areas & lakeside trails leading to the Burnaby Art Gallery & other attractions.

Eagles Estate Heritage Garden

Tourist attraction, Garden
Eagles Estate Heritage Garden, 5655 Sperling Ave, Burnaby, BC V5E 2T2

Trapped Coquitlam

Tourist attraction, Amusement center, Game store, Escape room center
Trapped Coquitlam, 1300 Woolridge St #9, Coquitlam, BC V3K 6Y6

Nikkei National Museum & Cultural Centre

Tourist attraction, Community center, Museum, National museum, Recreation center, Heritage museum
Nikkei National Museum & Cultural Centre, 6688 Southoaks Crescent, Burnaby, BC V5E 4M7
Japanese-Canadian history & culture are the focus at this complex with exhibits, a garden & events.

Burnaby Village Museum

Tourist attraction, Ethnographic museum, Local history museum, Museum
Burnaby Village Museum, 6501 Deer Lake Ave, Burnaby, BC V5G 3T6
Period costumed townsfolk & a carousel are highlights of this living museum of a 1920s village.

Jundigang truck yard

South Westminster
Tourist attraction
Jundigang truck yard, 54V5+MX9, Surrey, BC V3V 4G4

Citations and other links

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We're excited to be part of your journey to looking and feeling amazing. Botox For Sagging Skin The procedure was quick, and the results were incredible.' Emily's experience highlights our commitment to providing a safe, welcoming environment for our clients. You'll need to provide some basic information such as your name, contact number, and any specific concerns or areas you'd like to focus on during your Botox treatment. The team at Manhas Health Co. listened to my concerns and delivered exactly what I was hoping for. Botox For Younger Looking Skin Our team consists of certified professionals who are passionate about what they do and stay updated with the latest techniques and products in the cosmetic field.

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The forehead is one of the most popular spots. Our team is committed to offering personalized care that aligns with your beauty goals.

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These results last between 3 to 6 months, after which many of our clients opt for a touch-up to maintain their youthful appearance. Botox For Brow Lift Let's get you set on your journey to looking and feeling your best!

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Side effects, though rare, can occur and include temporary bruising, swelling, or redness at the injection site. After exploring the various treatment areas for Botox, it's important to highlight that procedures at Manhas Health Co. aren't only effective but also quick and convenient for our clients. Our experienced practitioners are skilled in adjusting techniques and dosages to suit different facial areas, from forehead lines to crow's feet, ensuring a tailored, effective solution for each client.

You're in good hands with us at Manhas Health Co. That's why we're committed to creating personalized treatment plans that cater specifically to your goals, concerns, and skin type. This treatment works by temporarily paralyzing the muscles that contribute to wrinkles, such as crow's feet, forehead lines, and frown lines, resulting in a smoother, more youthful appearance. Following the initial consultation, we craft a personalized treatment plan that directly addresses your specific beauty goals and health considerations.

We use a fine needle to inject Botox into targeted areas, causing minimal discomfort. Hearing how our services have positively impacted their lives truly inspires us. Choosing Manhas Health Co. means choosing a partner who's invested in your beauty and well-being. That's why we're thrilled to offer a solution that not only delivers remarkable results but also respects our clients' time.

We've observed a growing interest in this minimally invasive procedure, not just for its aesthetic benefits but also for the confidence it instills in our clients. We've seen firsthand how these treatments can smooth out facial wrinkles, reduce lines around the eyes and forehead, and give a more rested, youthful appearance. We're always amazed at how a few small injections can make such a significant difference. After my treatment at Manhas Health Co., I not only look refreshed but feel a surge of confidence.

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This ensures that our treatment plans aren't only effective but also safe for each individual.

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We're proud to say that every member of our team isn't just highly trained in their field, but also passionately committed to providing the best possible care and results for our clients. I didn't know Botox could feel this natural.'These testimonials are a testament to our commitment to excellence. We believe in enhancing your natural beauty, not changing it, and these before and after photos are a testament to our philosophy.

We're committed to personalized care, so we'll tailor the consultation to fit your unique needs and desires. It's all about creating a comfortable, informed experience that leaves you feeling confident and looking your best. At Manhas Health Co., we're more than just a clinic; we're a community dedicated to helping you look and feel your best.

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The procedure is quick, with minimal discomfort, and there's no downtime, meaning you can get back to your daily routine immediately. We're here to accommodate your schedule, offering appointments throughout the week, including evenings and weekends. Choosing Manhas Health Co for your cosmetic Botox needs ensures you're opting for unparalleled expertise and personalized care.

We've received countless positive testimonials from our clients, reflecting the high satisfaction and transformative experiences they've had with our Botox services. It's about enhancing quality of life in various ways. How can we ensure your Botox treatment is as safe and effective as possible?

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We also offer Botox for hyperhidrosis, a condition characterized by excessive sweating. Stick around as we unfold the transformative power of cosmetic Botox and how it aligns with our vision of embracing a radiant future. At Manhas Health Co., our expertise in delivering high-quality Cosmetic Botox services sets us apart in the wellness industry. We're experts at subtly smoothing away fine lines and preventing deeper creases from forming, all while ensuring your face retains its natural expressions. Botox For Marionette Lines New Westminster Our Botox services extend to addressing excessive sweating, a condition known as hyperhidrosis, which can be life-changing for those who've struggled with it.
We'll explore these questions, providing insights into how we can help you achieve a fresher, more vibrant look without sacrificing your natural beauty. This preventative measure can be particularly effective in areas where expression lines commonly form, such as around the eyes, forehead, and mouth. In our quest for eternal youth, Manhas Health Co. has gently paved the way for those seeking to soften the hands of time in Botox Facial Rejuvenation New Westminster through their expert cosmetic Botox solutions. It's crucial not to rub or massage the treated areas for at least 24 hours; this prevents the Botox from spreading to unintended muscles.

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We also recommend avoiding strenuous activities and keeping your head elevated to reduce any potential swelling. Read more about Botox Facial Rejuvenation New Westminster here For anyone curious about the transformative potential of Botox and how it could redefine their approach to aging gracefully, the insights from real client testimonials and an in-depth look into the consultation process at Manhas Health Co. might just be the guidance needed to take the next step. At Manhas Health Co., we're experts in administering Botox in key areas to rejuvenate your appearance and boost your confidence. We don't just stop at facial rejuvenation.
Moreover, we pride ourselves on using the latest techniques and highest quality products. But it's not just our expertise and personalized care that set us apart. Let's be your partners in embracing a more confident, radiant you. We'll discuss your medical history, any medications you're taking, and assess your skin to ensure Botox is the right choice for you.

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The treatment has been approved by health authorities worldwide for both cosmetic and therapeutic uses, affirming its safety and efficacy. We'll provide aftercare instructions to maximize the treatment's benefits and minimize any potential side effects, such as minor swelling or bruising at the injection sites. The results were beyond my expectations, and the fine lines around my eyes are almost unnoticeable now.'

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It's feedback like this that reminds us of the powerful impact our work can have on individuals' lives. We also stay updated with the latest industry standards and safety protocols.
To fully appreciate the benefits and nuances of cosmetic Botox, it's crucial to delve into its mechanism and applications. You can reach out to us through our website, via email, or by giving us a call. Building on our commitment to your satisfaction, we equally prioritize your safety with rigorous standards and personalized care in every cosmetic Botox procedure.
We believe in transparency and education, so we're always ready to answer any questions you might have. While discussing the benefits of Botox, it's crucial to address the safety and potential side effects associated with the treatment. We're excited to unveil three new Cosmetic Botox services, designed to cater to our clients' diverse needs with precision and care.
Let's embrace aging gracefully together, without letting wrinkles tell the whole story. We're committed to educating our clients on how Botox can offer more than just cosmetic improvements. Botox For Sweat Glands Understanding the cost and exploring payment options for cosmetic Botox is crucial for anyone considering this treatment at Manhas Health Co.

Learn more about Botox Facial Rejuvenation New Westminster here
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Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

Skin

[edit]

Causes for aging wrinkles

[edit]
A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

Sleep wrinkles

[edit]

Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

Water-immersion wrinkling

[edit]
A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

Other animals with wrinkles

[edit]

Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

[edit]
A man receiving a botox injection

Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
  2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
  4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
  5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
  6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
  7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
  8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
  9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
  11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
  13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
  14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
  15. ^ Davis, N. (8 November 2020). "Water-immersion finger-wrinkling improves grip efficiency in handling wet objects". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.07.372631.
  16. ^ "Dr Karl's Homework – Skin Wrinkles in Water (26/1/2000)". Abc.net.au. 2000-01-26. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  17. ^ Einar P.V. Wilder-Smith; Adeline Chow (2003). "Water-immersion wrinkeling is due to vasoconstriction". Muscle & Nerve. 27 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/mus.10323. PMID 12635117. S2CID 45193684.
  18. ^ Einar P. V. Wilder-Smith (2004). "Water immersion wrinkling". Clinical Autonomic Research. 14 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0172-4. PMID 15095056. S2CID 44938772.
  19. ^ H. Zhai, K.P. Whilem H. L. Maibach (2007). Dermatotoxicology. pp. 280–281.
  20. ^ G Alvarez, J Eurolo; P Canales (1980). "Finger wrinkling after immersion in water". British Medical Journal. 281 (6240): 586–587. doi:10.1136/bmj.281.6240.586-a. PMC 1713922. PMID 7427379.
  21. ^ The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide. Penguin. 15 August 2023. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7440-8513-6.
  22. ^ Stefanaki C, Stratigos A, Katsambas A (June 2005). "Topical retinoids in the treatment of photoaging". J Cosmet Dermatol. 4 (2): 130–4. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40215.x. PMID 17166212. S2CID 44702740.
  23. ^ Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M (1999). "Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia". Neurology. 53 (7): 1431–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.7.1431. PMID 10534247.
[edit]

Cosmetic may refer to:

  • Cosmetics, or make-up, substances to enhance the beauty of the human body, apart from simple cleaning
  • Cosmetic, an adjective describing beauty, aesthetics, or appearance, especially concerning the human body
  • Cosmetic, a topical product that is not a drug
  • In-game cosmetics, video game virtual goods that generally offer no competitive advantage

See also

[edit]

Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

Etymology

[edit]
The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clīnicus.[2][3]

An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

Overview

[edit]
A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

Function

[edit]
Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

Large outpatient clinics

[edit]
Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

Function

[edit]

Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

Policlinic in Vilnius-Karoliniškės, Lithuania

Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

Internationally

[edit]
Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

Mobile clinics

[edit]
Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

Types

[edit]
Storefront clinic in Manhattan

There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

  • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
  • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
  • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
  • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
  • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
  • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ κλινικός in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
  4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
  5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Google
  9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
  10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, Hospodářské noviny, 10 September 1996
  11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
  15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

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